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作者简介:

刘晓阳(1995—),男,山西阳泉人,在读硕士,研究方向为体能训练。

通讯作者:

陈乐琴(1975—),女,浙江乐清人,副教授,博士,研究方向为体质与健康促进研究。

中图分类号:G804.6

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1008-3596(2021)02-0072-11

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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探讨静态拉伸、动态拉伸对运动表现的急性效应和机制,明确最佳拉伸时间 (量)与强度,为制定赛前或训练前的准备活动方案提供依据。方法:对2010—2019年间被 CNKI、Web of Science核心合集、Elsevier、PubMed、EBSCO 体育运动全文数据库收录的相关文献进行梳理,归纳赛前或训练前静态、动态肌肉拉伸产生的力量、速度、柔韧等急性效应。结果:静态、动态两种拉伸方式均能有效提升肌肉柔韧性;≤30s低强度的静态拉伸不会对力量以及速度性能造成实质性影响, 但可能会对跳跃性能产生负面影响;5—7min快速高频率的动态拉伸不会影响力量性能并且有可能提升跳跃性能;静态拉伸后进行专项热身能够提升运动表现。结论:短时间低强度的静态拉伸可能不会影响力量、速度性能;适时快速的动态拉伸在不产生肌肉疲劳的情况下有助于提升运动表现;训练课的准备部分可以适度使用静态拉伸,但应谨慎在静态拉伸后直接进行跳跃性能测试。

    Abstract

    Objective:To explore the acute effect and mechanism of static stretching and dynamic stretching on locomotor performance, and determine the best stretching time (amount) and intensity, so as to provide the basis for making the preparation plan before competition or training.Methods:This paper reviews the relevant literature collected by CNKI, Web of Science Core Collection, Elsevier, PubMed and EBSCO sports full-text database from 2010 to 2019, and summarizes the acute effects of static and dynamic muscle stretching on strength, speed and flexibility before competition or training.Results:Both static and dynamic stretching methods can effectively improve muscle flexibility.Static stretching with low strength of less than 30 s will not have a substantial impact on strength and speed performance, but may have a negative impact on jumping performance. 5—7 min dynamic stretching with high speed and high frequency will not affect the strength performance and may improve the jumping performance.Special warm-up after static stretching can improve the performance.Conclusion:Short time and low intensity static stretching may not affect strength and speed performance; timely and fast dynamic stretching can help improve locomotor performance without muscle fatigue; static stretching can be moderately used in the preparation part of training course, but it should be cautious to conduct jumping performance test directly after static stretching.

  • 肌肉拉伸作为赛前或训练前的准备活动(热身运动)在运动训练界已风行百年,但目前对其热身效果的看法颇有争议。例如, 在2016年之前,有大量研究证实静态拉伸会对随后的运动表现造成不良影响[1-8],而动态拉伸则会对随后的运动表现产生一定的促进作用[1,5,9-12],于是建议在热身中以动态拉伸来替代静态拉伸[13]。但到了2017年后,出现了许多相反的研究观点,认为,静态拉伸对随后的运动表现并无不良影响[12,14-17],动态拉伸也不一定就能促进运动表现[17-19],相反还会造成一些负面影响[2,7,20-21]。那么,赛前或训练前肌肉拉伸究竟会对正式比赛或训练的运动表现产生怎样的影响? 静态拉伸与动态拉伸的机制有什么区别? 哪些运动项目该选择静态拉伸? 哪些项目该选择动态拉伸? 不同运动项目的最佳静态拉伸时间、动态拉伸量以及强度该如何确定? 这些是必须要明确的问题。鉴于此,本文对近10年来有关肌肉拉伸的研究成果进行梳理、分析,其目的在于明确赛前或训练前热身是否需要进行肌肉拉伸,以及对运动表现产生良好影响的最佳拉伸时长(量)与强度,为赛前或训练前准备活动方案的制定提供参考。

  • 1 文献来源与检索

  • 1.1 文献检索与初步筛查

  • 在Web of Science核心合集、Elsevier、 PubMed、EBSCO体育运动全文数据库以及中国知网(CNKI)数据库检索相关文献。采用关键词检索法,英文关键词设定为static stretching、dynamic stretching、flexibility、 warmup、prior exercise、locomotor performance、 and acute effects;中文关键词设定为热身运动、拉伸、肌力表现、静态(静力)拉伸、动态(动力)拉伸。检索范围设定在题目、摘要及关键词,且所有的关键词包括单独、组合使用。时间跨度设定为2010年1月—2019年3月。

  • 1.2 文献纳入与排除标准

  • 文章的纳入与排除标准为:①纳入经同行审议的英文期刊文献和中国知网核心期刊文献(北大核心期刊、CSSCI),排除非中英文文献、会议摘要、学位论文、无全文以及未发表的文献; ②纳入以健康的运动员或普通人(有运动习惯) 为受试对象的相关研究,排除关于婴幼儿、残疾人、动物的相关研究;③纳入干预性研究,排除综述、评述、质化研究等;④纳入运动前肌肉拉伸(静态、动态)干预与运动表现的相关研究, 排除运动后的肌肉拉伸等研究;⑤纳入一次性肌肉拉伸干预与运动表现的相关研究,排除长期干预等研究。

  • 1.3 文献筛选与资料提取

  • 首先将检索到的文献题录导入到文献管理软件NoteExpress,去除重复发表的文献。一位作者根据标题、摘要以及全文进行筛选之后,交予另一作者独立评审,以明确是否符合纳入排除标准。若出现分歧,则交予第三位作者或小组内协商决定,在所有的文献评审和讨论结束后,最终纳入研究(图1)。

  • 两位研究者分别独立对纳入的文章进行数据提取。提取内容包括:第一作者姓名、文献发表年份、研究人群基本情况(运动等级、专项、性别、数量)、肌肉拉伸类型、肌肉拉伸强度、肌肉拉伸干预时长及测试间隔时长、结局指标、统计参数P值。对缺乏数据或信息模糊的研究, 通过电子邮件联系作者本人,若两周内无法获取联系,该文章则不纳入研究。

  • 图1 文献检索及筛选流程图

  • 2 静态拉伸对运动表现的影响

  • 2.1 静态拉伸对关节活动范围的急性效应

  • 本研究由运动能力测试指标(关节活动范围、力量、爆发力、速度)来代表运动表现。本文所涉及的肌肉拉伸时长为单肌群拉伸总时长(单肌群拉伸总时长=单肌群单次拉伸时长×组数)[22]

  • 本组共纳入静态拉伸对关节活动范围影响的研究文献9篇,包括11项研究结果,其中9项显示赛前或训练前准备活动时进行30—120s的静态肌肉拉伸练习,具有提高肌肉的柔韧性、增加ROM的作用(表1)。如Reid等在对16名受试者腘绳肌进行的30s、60s、120s静态拉伸实验中发现,30s的拉伸可以使髋关节活动度提升9.3%,优于60s(提升7.2%)和120s(提升6.5%)[23]。Konrad等在对49名志愿者踝关节进行静态拉伸的实验中发现,干预组最大背屈活动范围从30.9±5.9°增加到36.3±6.1°。但除此之外被动抗阻扭矩、最大自主收缩、肌肉束长度、羽状角等参数没有改变[24]。研究者认为其机制主要是与疼痛神经末梢的适应导致的拉伸耐受性增加有关[24-25]

  • 表1 静态拉伸对关节活动范围急性效应的研究结果

  • 注:F 表示Female(女性),M 表示Male(男性);↑表示提升,↓表示下降,-表示无显著影响;ROM表示range of motion(关节活动范围);POD表示point of discomfort(不适点);NR表示not reported(未说明);下同

  • 2.2 静态拉伸对力量、爆发力的急性效应及机制

  • 2.2.1 静态拉伸对力量表现的急性效应

  • 本组共纳入静态拉伸对力量表现影响的研究文献11篇,包括15项研究结果,其中7项显示静态拉伸对力量表现会产生显著负面影响,1项显示有显著提升作用,7项显示无显著影响(表2)。

  • 表2 静态拉伸对力量表现急性效应的研究结果

  • 注:IS表示isokinetic strength(等速肌力),MVC表示maximum voluntary contraction(最大主动收缩),下同

  • 梳理文献发现,对力量表现产生负面影响的研究结果多集中在静态拉伸时长>90s,表明90s以上的静态拉伸对于力量表现最为不利。例如, Behm等测量了静态拉伸前后的肌肉力量,对其变化进行了方差分析,结果显示拉伸90s以上(-5.8%±6.4)与拉伸90s(-3.3%±4.1)相比,肌力下降幅度明显增大[30]。Reid J C等发现拉伸30s、60s后最大自主膝关节屈伸肌力无显著变化,而120s后最大自主膝关节屈伸肌力下降了7.2%[23]。Haddad等发现静态拉伸150s后60°/s的等速肌力下降了10%[20]。Alizadeh等对15名受试者的腘绳肌和股四头肌群分别进行了15s、30s、45s的拉伸后,发现15s的拉伸时长提升了180°/s的等速肌力,30s的拉伸时长无显著变化,45s的拉伸时长则造成180°/s等速肌力的下降[16]。从上述研究结果可以看出,静态拉伸对肌力产生正面或负面影响,与拉伸的时长有关。较长时间的静态拉伸有可能会对力量表现产生负面影响。因此,在进行最大主动收缩力量练习或等速肌力测试前,静态拉伸时长建议控制在 ≤30s的范围内。

  • 2.2.2 静态拉伸对爆发力表现的急性效应

  • 本组共纳入静态拉伸对爆发力影响的研究文献19篇,包括22项研究结果,均由下肢爆发力跳跃测试反映。其中11项显示有显著负面影响, 8项显示无显著影响,3项显示能够提升跳跃表现。在≤30s的拉伸时长范围内,共有10项研究结果,其中5项显示有显著负面影响,4项显示无显著影响,1项显示能够提升爆发力(表3)。Loughran等发现30s的静态拉伸后反向纵跳力下降10.6%(W/kg)[34]。上述研究结果表明,尽管是短时间的静态拉伸也可能会对跳跃表现造成负面影响。

  • 表3 静态拉伸对爆发力表现急性效应的研究结果

  • 注:VJ表示vertical jump(纵跳);DJ表示drop jump(跳深);CMJ表示counter movement jump(反向纵跳),下同

  • 2.2.3 静态拉伸对速度表现的急性效应

  • 本组纳入静态拉伸对速度表现的研究文献8篇,共8项研究结果。其中,未发现静态拉伸能够提升短距离速度表现的研究结果。在≤30s的拉伸时长范围内,共涉及5项研究,其中有4项研究结果证明≤30s的静态拉伸不会对速度性能造成不利影响(表4)。Kyranoudis对20名足球运动员的胫骨前肌和腘绳肌静态拉伸20s后, 发现受试队员20m成绩下降,此研究证实单独拉伸这两个部位可能会对足球运动员的速度表现造成不利影响[39]。除此之外,研究发现 ≥40s的静态拉伸时长会对速度性能造成不利影响[7-8,40]。因此,≤30s的静态拉伸有可能无法提升速度表现,而延长拉伸时间还有可能会对其产生不利影响。

  • 表4 静态拉伸对速度表现急性效应的研究结果

  • 2.2.4 静态拉伸影响力量、爆发力的机制

  • 2.2.4.1肌肉—肌腱复合体刚度因素

  • 研究表明, 静态拉伸导致肌肉肌腱单位(Muscle-tendon unit,MTU)刚度下降,可影响肌肉的长度和张力关系[25],使得肌肉以 “更短、更弱”的方式工作。肌腱没有收缩功能,但能将肌肉产生的力量传递给骨骼系统[42]。但是Kay等人对15名健康受试者的腓肠肌静态拉伸后进行足底屈曲实验,发现腓肠肌肌电振幅减少,其认为向心收缩力下降是由于神经肌肉活动的减少造成的,与肌肉长度无关[43]。鉴于目前的理解,肌肉长度的变化可能不是静态拉伸后引起力量或爆发力损失的重要机制。

  • 2.2.4.2神经因素

  • 静态拉伸引起力量或爆发力损失的潜在机制尚未完全了解,但已有部分研究认为,当肌肉— 肌腱受到牵拉,高尔基腱器官会产生反射性抑制(自生抑制),从而降低α运动神经元活性,进而导致运动单位募集能力的降低、肌肉神经冲动或反射敏感性减弱[30], 最终降低肌肉力量的输出[44]。Trajano对11名受试者的足底屈肌进行了5组60s(间歇1s)静态拉伸后发现腓肠肌肌电振幅下降约40%(P<0.05)[45],表明运动神经元活性的降低可能是静态拉伸后引起力量或爆发力损失的机制之一。

  • 2.3 静态拉伸强度与效应的关系

  • 不适点(POD)是指被试在无任何疼痛的情况下感觉到拉伸的点[39]。本文共纳入39项关于静态拉伸强度对运动表现影响的研究结果,其中在<POD的6项研究结果中有3项对运动表现产生提升,2项无显著影响,1项显著下降。在使用POD强度的29项研究结果中有11项对运动表现产生负面影响,14项无显著影响,4项显著提升。在>POD的4项研究结果中,2项对运动表现造成负面影响,1项无显著影响,1项显著提升(表1—4)。Behm采用人工肌力测试仪,测试受试者达到POD时的力,然后采用50%POD、75%POD、100%POD的强度来进行拉伸,结果表明>50%POD强度的拉伸会导致肌肉性能下降[46]。Apostolopoulos等对152篇文献进行的一项综述研究,也认为低强度拉伸的效率高[47]

  • 低强度(<POD)拉伸作为增加ROM的手段,不会引起牵张反射[48],高强度(≥POD) 拉伸引起的应激可能会对神经肌肉的活化产生不利影响。已有研究表明,运动神经元池兴奋性的降低是由于Ia传入运动神经元的兴奋驱动减少所致,这可能是由于MTU顺应性的增加导致肌梭静息电位的减少所造成的[49]。因此,高强度的拉伸可能存在抑制神经肌肉的效应,尽管拉伸强度对运动表现的影响仅有3%—6%[46],但这对于高水平运动员却是极为重要的。

  • 2.4 静态拉伸后间歇时间对运动表现的影响

  • Alemdarogˇlu发现静态拉伸后15min、 20min的间歇不会对速度性能造成不良影响[8]。 Kruse等对10名女子排球运动员的全身7个肌群各进行30s的静态拉伸后, 测试其间歇1min、15min的纵跳成绩,结果表明静态拉伸后1min造成纵跳成绩下降,15min后测得的成绩与对照组无显著差异[5]。Blazevich等对20名受试者全身10个部位进行了30s的拉伸, 间歇7min后纵跳测试结果与对照组无显著差异[19]。Stafilidis等对12名运动员的股四头肌和腘绳肌各进行了15s的拉伸,间歇10min后测得纵跳成绩无显著变化[32]。从这些研究结果来看,拉伸后间歇7—15min成绩恢复到基线水平,这可能是由于神经活性恢复、反射抑制衰退等原因造成的[5]。然而,也有研究认为静态拉伸后间歇同样会对运动表现造成负面影响[34-35]。究其原因,可能是由于受试人群、实验设计的不同所造成的。因此,静态拉伸后间歇7—15min的时间可能会抵消其对跳跃性能产生的不良影响。

  • 3 动态拉伸对运动表现的影响

  • 3.1 动态拉伸量、强度对运动表现的急性效应

  • 动态拉伸量通常由时长、重复次数、距离构成,故难以进行量化比较。Kruse等采用了30s×10个动作共5min(P<0.023)和30s× 14个动作共7min(P<0.01)的动态拉伸量, 结果表明两种拉伸量均可提升纵跳高度[5]。Ryan等通过对比两组不同量的动态拉伸,证实与6.7±1.3min的动态拉伸时长相比,12.1± 1.6min的动态拉伸时长会造成70%1RM力量下降15.6%,不过两个拉伸时长也均提升了纵跳高度,6.7±1.3min的拉伸时长提升了纵跳高度6.2%,12.1±1.6min的拉伸时长提升了纵跳高度5.6%[9]。不同的是,龚建芳等、Carvalho等发现与对照组相比,30s的动态拉伸后实验组纵跳高度无显著变化(P>0.05)[2,35]。 Barbosa等发现即使进行了90s的动态拉伸后, 纵跳高度也无显著变化(P>0.05)[17]。造成差异的原因可能是短时间的动态拉伸没有达到提升肌温和激活神经肌肉的效果,而长时间的动态拉伸又会引发神经肌肉疲劳[9]。同样,一项研究汇总分析了241名受试者在进行动态拉伸后力量和爆发力的变化, 其方差分析表明,>90s(7.3%±5.3%)的动态拉伸比<90s(0.5%± 2.3%)的动态拉伸能产生更大的力量和爆发力[30]。因此,确定适当、高效率的动态拉伸量显得尤为重要。

  • 研究发现快速动态拉伸对运动表现的影响优于慢速动态拉伸[13,50]。Fletcher等发现高频率(100次/分钟)比低频率(50次/分钟)的动态拉伸提升了更多的纵跳高度,但即使是进行了低频率(50次/分钟)的动态拉伸,其纵跳高度也显著高于无拉伸的对照组[10]。可以确定的是短时间(<90s)的动态拉伸似乎对随后的运动表现无负面影响。就动态拉伸时间和频率而言,5—7min快速的高频率(100次/分钟)动态拉伸似乎能在不产生肌肉疲劳的情况下使动态拉伸效果最大化, 并提升运动表现。然而为避免动态拉伸产生肌肉疲劳,不建议动态拉伸时间超过12min。

  • 3.2 动态拉伸对关节活动范围的急性效应

  • 表5 动态拉伸对关节活动范围急性效应的研究结果

  • 本文纳入动态拉伸对ROM影响的文献8篇,包括9项研究结果(表5),其中7项显示动态拉伸能够提升ROM,2项无显著影响。动态拉伸后对ROM无显著影响可能是由于拉伸时间较短所致。因此, 适时的动态拉伸能够提升ROM。

  • 3.3 动态拉伸对力量、爆发力的急性效应及机制

  • 3.3.1 动态拉伸对力量表现的急性效应

  • 本组共纳入动态拉伸对力量表现影响的研究文献5篇,包括6项研究结果(表6)。其中2项显示能够显著提升力量表现,3项无显著影响,1项造成力量下降。动态拉伸似乎不会对力量表现造成负面影响,但有研究表明长时间的动态拉伸会产生肌肉疲劳,或引发力量下降[9]。因此,适时的动态拉伸不会对力量表现产生不良影响。

  • 表6 动态拉伸对力量表现急性效应的研究结果

  • 注:RM表示repetition maximum(最大重复次数)

  • 3.3.2 动态拉伸对爆发力表现的急性效应

  • 本组共纳入动态拉伸对爆发力影响的研究文献12篇,包括13项研究结果,均由下肢爆发力跳跃测试反映(表7)。其中有6项显示动态拉伸能够显著提升跳跃表现,6项表明无显著影响,1项结果显示有负面影响。Jang等对16名羽毛球运动员的动态拉伸效果进行研究,发现动态拉伸能够提升羽毛球运动员的跳跃高度[51]。综上,动态拉伸几乎不会对跳跃性能产生不良影响,甚至可能会促进跳跃性能的提升。

  • 表7 动态拉伸对爆发力表现急性效应的研究结果

  • 3.3.3 动态拉伸影响运动表现的机制

  • 3.3.3.1心率、肌肉温度变化

  • 单次动态拉伸后肌肉性能的改善可能归因于相关的自主收缩。Fletcher等发现动态拉伸后的心率(158±15次/min)明显高于静态拉伸后的心率(92±14次/min),除此之外还测量了机体温度,发现动态拉伸后与静态拉伸后相比体温增加了0.19℃ [52]。由于肌肉在动态拉伸过程是以积极、有节奏的方式进行收缩伸展,因此有助于机体预热,帮助心率以及机体温度增加[10,51-52]。肌肉升温的另一个影响是降低肌肉黏滞性。

  • 3.3.3.2预激活增强效应

  • 运动前应用合理的热身编排会产生提升运动表现的效应,这种热身方案被称为预激活增强效应(Post-activation potentiation,PAP)[53]。与动态拉伸相关的自主收缩会诱发PAP现象[13], 快速动态拉伸刺激肌梭,类似于增强训练,从而促进肌肉伸展活动[10,50]。此外,还可能与肌肉募集程度有关,负荷较高的动作比负荷较低的动作能够更好地激活II型肌纤维运动单元。如果PAP取决于肌肉募集的程度,这可以部分解释为什么与慢速动态拉伸相比,更快速的动态拉伸可以引起跳跃性能的提高[10]

  • 3.3.3.3动作模式的相关性

  • 行进间的动态拉伸能够提高短跑性能,可能与其相似的动作模式有关[37]。研究表明,行进间动态拉伸时本体感受器会被激活,可以帮助肌肉从离心收缩过渡到向心收缩。动态拉伸模式还可能刺激到肌梭,增加肌肉反射活动,从而导致力量和爆发力的增加[8]

  • 3.3.3.4神经适应机制

  • 动态拉伸对运动表现的急性效应也与神经系统激活有关,动态拉伸干预后性能的提高,可以通过肌电振幅值的显著增加来显现。Fletcher已证明在快速动态拉伸干预下肌电振幅增加,而慢速动态拉伸干预下肌电振幅无显著增加。这种肌电振幅增加表明神经肌肉可能通过增加运动单元的募集来表现出更强的运动单元激活。

  • 4 静态拉伸和动态热身组合的效果

  • 研究发现单独进行静态拉伸会对随后的运动表现产生不利影响[16,18,20],因此,一些学者开始关注静态拉伸加动态热身组合对运动表现的影响。Fortier等通过静态拉伸结合动态拉伸的方式热身,发现对最大自主收缩力和15m加速跑成绩无不良影响[4]。Amiri等对19名职业足球运动员进行静态拉伸加动态拉伸研究,结果显示对敏捷性能无影响[6]。谢永民等对15名女子职业篮球运动员进行静态拉伸加动态拉伸研究,发现纵跳成绩与对照组相比无显著变化[14]

  • 何卫等对5名国家健将级女子体操运动员进行静态拉伸加PAP诱导屈膝纵跳,结果显示髋关节活动范围提升了8.91%并且维持了16min, 纵跳高度也得到提升[53]。Loughran等研究静态拉伸加动态拉伸组合的效果,发现速度和弹跳力均得到提升[34]。同样,Reid和Kilit研究表明组合拉伸后运动表现得到提升[23,40]。静态拉伸后的专项热身很可能像动态拉伸一样消除了静态拉伸的负面影响[42]。这可能是由于兴奋脉冲传递到肌肉,以克服拉伸引起的抑制[34]。因此,静态拉伸加动态拉伸或动态热身后不会对运动表现产生不利影响,甚至有可能提升运动表现。

  • 5 结论与展望

  • 综上分析得出,短时间(≤30s) 低强度(<POD)的静态拉伸在提升关节活动范围的同时可能不会对力量、速度性能产生影响;适时快速的动态拉伸在不产生肌肉疲劳的情况下有助于提升运动表现;训练课的准备部分可以适度使用静态拉伸,但应谨慎在静态拉伸后直接进行跳跃性能测试。

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    • [13] OPPLER T J,BABAULT N.Acute effects of dynamic stretching on muscle flexibility and performance:an analysis of the current literature[J].Sports Medicine,2018,48(2):299.

    • [14] 谢永民,顾佳晴,王卫星,等.女子职业篮球运动员赛前准备活动中最佳拉伸方式研究[J].北京体育大学学报,2018,41(12):117.

    • [15] HEISEY C F,KINGSLEY J D.Effects of static stretching on squat performance in division I female athletes[J].Int J Exerc Sci,2016,9(3):359.

    • [16] ALIZADEH E L,CETIN E.Duration dependent effect of static stretching on quadriceps and hamstring muscle force[J].Sports(Basel),2018,6(1):114.

    • [17] BARBOS A G M,FIGUEIRÊDO DANTAS G A,SILVA B R,et al.Static or dynamic stretching program does not change the acute responses of neuromuscular and functional performance in healthy subjects:a single-blind randomized controlled trial[J].Revista Brasileira de Ciências do Esporte,2018,40(4):418.

    • [18] 张帆,王竹影,周波,等.静力与弹振被动拉伸对股四头肌功能表现影响的差异[J].西安体育学院学报,2018,35(2):218.

    • [19] BLAZEVICH A J,GILL N D,KVORNING T,et al.No effect of muscle stretching within a full,dynamic warm-up on athletic performance[J].Medicine&Science in Sports& Exercise,2018,50(6):1258.

    • [20] HADDAD M,PRINCE M S,ZARROUK N,et al.Dynamic stretching alone can impair slower velocity isokinetic performance of young male handball players for at least 24 hours[J].PLOS ONE,2019,14(1):210.

    • [21] TURKI O,CHAOUACHI A,BEHM D G,et al.The effect of warm-ups incorporating different volumes of dynamic stretching on 10-and 20-m sprint performance in highly trained male athletes[J].J Strength Cond Res,2012,26(1):63.

    • [22] JANG H S,KIM D,PARK J.Immediate effects of different types of stretching exercises on badminton jump smash[J].JSports Med Phys Fitness,2018,58(7-8):1014.

    • [23] REID J C,GREENE R,YOUNG J D,et al.The effects of different durations of static stretching within a comprehensive warm-up on voluntary and evoked contractile properties[J].European Journal of Applied Physiology,2018,118(7):1427.

    • [24] KONRAD A,TILP M.Increased range of motion after static stretching is not due to changes in muscle and tendon structures[J].Clinical Biomechanics,2014,29(6):636.

    • [25] KONRAD A,TILP M.Effects of ballistic stretching training on the properties of human muscle and tendon structures[J].Journal of Applied Physiology,2014,117(1):29.

    • [26] FJERSTAD B M,HAMMER R L,HAMMER A M,et al.Comparison of two static stretching procedures on hip adductor flexibility and strength [J].Int J Exerc Sci,2018,11(6):1074.

    • [27] KONRAD A,STAFILIDIS S,TILP M.Effects of acute static,ballistic,and PNF stretching exercise on the muscle and tendon tissue properties[J].Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports,2017,27(10):1070.

    • [28] DAMASCENO M V,DUARTE M,PASQUA L A,et al.Static stretching alters neuromuscular function and pacing strategy,but not performance during a 3-km running time-trial[J].PloS one,2014,9(6):219.

    • [29] ESPEJO-ANTÚNEZ L,LÓPEZ-MIÑARRO P A,ALBORNOZ-CABELLO M,et al.Acute effect of electrical muscle elongation and static stretching in hamstring muscle extensibility [J].Science & Sports,2016,31(1):1.

    • [30] BEHM D G,CHAOUACHI A.A review of the acute effects of static and dynamic stretching on performance[J].European Journal of Applied Physiology,2011,111(11):2633.

    • [31] SEKIR U,ARABACI R,AKOVA B,et al.Acute effects of static and dynamic stretching on leg flexor and extensor isokinetic strength in elite women athletes[J].Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports,2010,20(2):268.

    • [32] STAFILIDIS S,TILP M.Effects of short duration static stretching on jump performance,maximum voluntary contraction,and various mechanical and morphological parameters of the muscle-tendon unit of the lower extremities[J].Eur J Appl Physiol,2015,115(3):607.

    • [33] BABAULT N,KOUASSI B Y,DESBROSSES K.Acute effects of 15min static or contract-relax stretching modalities on plantar flexors neuromuscular properties[J].JSci Med Sport,2010,13(2):247.

    • [34] LOUGHRAN M,GLASGOW P,BLEAKLEY C,et al.The effects of a combined static-dynamic stretching protocol on athletic performance in elite Gaelic footballers:A randomized controlled crossover trial[J].Physical Therapy in Sport,2017,25(8):47.

    • [35] CARVALHO F L P,CARVALHO M C G A,SIMÃOR,et al.Acute effects of a warm-up including active,passive,and dynamic stretching on vertical jump performance[J].JStrength Cond Res,2012,26(9):2447.

    • [36] DALRYMPLE K J,DAVIS S E,DWYER G B,et al.Effect of static and dynamic stretching on vertical jump performance in collegiate women volleyball players[J].J Strength Cond Res,2010,24(1):149.

    • [37] PERRIER E T,PAVOL M J,HOFFMAN M A.The acute effects of a warm-up including static or dynamic stretching on countermovement jump height,reaction time,and flexibility[J].J Strength Cond Res,2011,25(7):1925.

    • [38] YAPICIOGLU B,COLAKOGLU M,COLAKOGLU Z,et al.Effects of a dynamic warm-up,static stretching or static stretching with tendon vibration on vertical jump performance and emg responses[J].Journal of Human Kinetics,2013,39(1):49.

    • [39] KYRANOUDIS Á,NIKOLAIDIS V,ISPIRLIDIS I,et al.Acute effect of specific warm-up exercises on sprint performance after static and dynamic stretching in amateur soccer players[J].Journal of Physical Education and Sport,2018,18(2):825.

    • [40] KILIT B,ARSLAN E,SOYLU Y.Effects of different stretching methods on speed and agility performance in young tennis players[J].Science & Sports,2019,34(5):313.

    • [41] KISTLERB M,WALSH M S,HORN T S,et al.The acute effects of static stretching on the sprint performance of collegiate men in the 60-and 100-m dash after a dynamic warm-up[J].JStrength Cond Res,2010,24(9):2280.

    • [42] 姜自立,李元.静力性拉伸急性效应研究进展:作用、机制和启示[J].中国体育科技,2015,51(2):3.

    • [43] KAY A D,BLAZEVICH A J.Moderate-duration static stretch reduces active and passive plantar flexor moment but not Achilles tendon stiffness or active muscle length[J].JAppl Physiol(1985),2009,106(4):1249.

    • [44] 徐建华,程丽平.拉伸训练对力量表现的效应和机制的研究进展[J].中国体育科技,2010,46(2):76.

    • [45] TRAJANO G S,SEITZ L B,NOSAKA K,et al.Can passive stretch inhibit motoneuron facilitation in the human plantar flexors?[J].J Appl Physiol(1985),2014,117(12):1486.

    • [46] BEHM D G,KIBELE A.Effects of differing intensities of static stretching on jump performance[J].European Journal of Applied Physiology,2007,101(5):587.

    • [47] APOSTOLOPOULOS N,METSIOS G S,FLOURIS A D,et al.The relevance of stretch intensity and position—a systematic review [J].Frontiers in Psychology,2015,6(1):115.

    • [48] APOSTOLOPOULOS N,METSIOS G S,NEVILL A,et al.Stretch intensity vs.inflammation:a dose-dependent association?[J].Kinesiol.Sports,2015,18(3):27.

    • [49] POWER K,BEHM D,CAHILL F,et al.An acute bout of static stretching:effects on force and jumping performance[J].Med Sci Sports Exerc,2004,36(8):1389.

    • [50] PAMBORIS G M,NOORKOIV M,BALTZOPOULOS V,et al.Effects of an acute bout of dynamic stretching on biomechanical properties of the gastrocnemius muscle determined by shear wave elastography[J].PLOSONE,2018,13(5):196.

    • [51] MEDEIROSD M,MARTINI T F.Chronic effect of different types of stretching on ankle dorsiflexion range of motion:systematic review and meta-analysis[J].The Foot,2018,34(19):28.

    • [52] FLETCHER I M,MONTE-COLOMBO M M.An investigation into the possible physiological mechanisms associated with changes in performance related to acute responses to different preactivity stretch modalities[J].Appl Physiol Nutr Metab,2010,35(1):27.

    • [53] 何卫,汤仁圣,张霞,等.预激活增强效应对优秀女子体操运动员跳马助跑的影响 [J].体育科学,2017,37(12):7.

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    • [31] SEKIR U,ARABACI R,AKOVA B,et al.Acute effects of static and dynamic stretching on leg flexor and extensor isokinetic strength in elite women athletes[J].Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports,2010,20(2):268.

    • [32] STAFILIDIS S,TILP M.Effects of short duration static stretching on jump performance,maximum voluntary contraction,and various mechanical and morphological parameters of the muscle-tendon unit of the lower extremities[J].Eur J Appl Physiol,2015,115(3):607.

    • [33] BABAULT N,KOUASSI B Y,DESBROSSES K.Acute effects of 15min static or contract-relax stretching modalities on plantar flexors neuromuscular properties[J].JSci Med Sport,2010,13(2):247.

    • [34] LOUGHRAN M,GLASGOW P,BLEAKLEY C,et al.The effects of a combined static-dynamic stretching protocol on athletic performance in elite Gaelic footballers:A randomized controlled crossover trial[J].Physical Therapy in Sport,2017,25(8):47.

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    • [36] DALRYMPLE K J,DAVIS S E,DWYER G B,et al.Effect of static and dynamic stretching on vertical jump performance in collegiate women volleyball players[J].J Strength Cond Res,2010,24(1):149.

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    • [46] BEHM D G,KIBELE A.Effects of differing intensities of static stretching on jump performance[J].European Journal of Applied Physiology,2007,101(5):587.

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    • [50] PAMBORIS G M,NOORKOIV M,BALTZOPOULOS V,et al.Effects of an acute bout of dynamic stretching on biomechanical properties of the gastrocnemius muscle determined by shear wave elastography[J].PLOSONE,2018,13(5):196.

    • [51] MEDEIROSD M,MARTINI T F.Chronic effect of different types of stretching on ankle dorsiflexion range of motion:systematic review and meta-analysis[J].The Foot,2018,34(19):28.

    • [52] FLETCHER I M,MONTE-COLOMBO M M.An investigation into the possible physiological mechanisms associated with changes in performance related to acute responses to different preactivity stretch modalities[J].Appl Physiol Nutr Metab,2010,35(1):27.

    • [53] 何卫,汤仁圣,张霞,等.预激活增强效应对优秀女子体操运动员跳马助跑的影响 [J].体育科学,2017,37(12):7.

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