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作者简介:

杜舂杰(1996—),男,山西长治人,助教,硕士,研究方向为运动能力测评与提升。

通讯作者:

徐红旗(1980-),男,河南周口人,教授,博士,博士生导师,研究方向为运动生物力学。

中图分类号:G808

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1008-3596(2025)03-0089-08

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目录contents

    摘要

    运动员的竞技能力与其所承受的训练负荷和训练量有着紧密的联系,对运动员的训练负荷刺激进行描述,不仅是运动训练科学化的重要体现,也是分析运动员竞技能力状态和运动成绩的关键。然而,训练负荷存在着复杂性,需要对其进行充分理解和细致分析,进而对不同时期的训练负荷进行合理安排和设计。训练冲量(TRIMP)监测方法表现出无创、连续、可累积性等优点,能有效弥补传统生理生化指标的不足。为此,归纳各种基于心率的TRIMP计算方法,梳理其原理、计算公式以及在竞技体育中的应用,总结各TRIMP计算方法的研究成果和实践操作经验,为科研人员、教练员、运动员的运用提供建议,以丰富训练负荷的监测方法,提升训练效果。

    Abstract

    Athletes’ competitive ability is closely related to their training load and training volume. The description of athletes’ training load stimulation is not only an important manifestation of scientific sports training, but also the key to analyzing athletes’ competitive ability and performance. However, the training load is complex, which needs to be fully understood and carefully analyzed, and then the training load in different periods should be reasonably arranged and designed. The training impulse (TRIMP) monitoring method shows the advantages of non-invasive, continuous and cumulative, which can effectively make up for the shortcomings of traditional physiological and biochemical indicators. Therefore, this paper summarizes various TRIMP calculation methods based on heart rate, combs their principles, calculation formulas and application in competitive sports, summarizes the research results and practical operation experience of each TRIMP calculation method, and provides suggestions for the application of scientific researchers, coaches and athletes, so as to enrich the monitoring methods of training load and improve the training effect.

  • 0 引言

  • 运动员的竞技能力是运动表现和运动成绩的基础,竞技能力与平时的训练负荷和训练量密切相关[1]。因此,对训练负荷进行客观评估是科学训练的重要组成部分,如何通过监测指标反映训练负荷也一直是学界研究的重点。训练负荷具有显著的复杂性特征,运动强度、运动持续时间和运动频率都会对训练负荷产生重要影响,只有对其进行充分理解和深刻分析,才能针对不同时期的训练负荷进行合理的设计和安排,进而最大限度地提升训练效果。虽然运动持续时间和运动频率比较容易控制,但训练强度的变化却难以把控。训练强度的大小不能简单地等同于训练过程中运动员所承受的外部负荷,还应考虑到运动员接受外部刺激后身体所发生的实际变化,也就是机体承受刺激后所表现出的内部负荷[2]

  • 训练冲量(training impulse,TRIMP)是训练量和训练强度的综合体现,可以根据计算公式量化运动员所承受的内外部负荷。最为重要的是相比于传统的监测方式,其可以做到无创、连续、可累积性监控,弥补生理生化指标的不足。目前使用训练冲量和心率变异性监测运动员的训练情况已在竞技体育领域中广泛应用,并覆盖了绝大多数的室外运动,其提供的相关信息对运动训练监控、训练负荷评估、伤病预防等发挥了重要作用。文章通过归纳各种基于心率的TRIMP计算方法,梳理其计算公式、原理以及在竞技体育中的应用,总结各TRIMP计算方法的研究成果和实践操作经验,旨在为科研人员、教练员、运动员的具体运用提供参考。

  • 1 TRIMP概念的提出

  • TRIMP最早来源于Banister[3]在1975年基于持续运动过程中心率与运动强度的线性关系建立的一个训练、适应、疲劳、表现模型,也就是剂量-反应模型。其基于“黑箱”理论认为,人体在运动过程中需要承受来自外部和内部的训练负荷,但外部训练负荷无论怎样变化,都会作用在人体上并以内部负荷的形式表现出来。其利用运动时间、运动强度(平均心率)等指标建立量化训练负荷的计算公式:TRIMP=运动时间×运动强度。因此,以内部负荷作为衡量训练负荷的标准,反映机体的实际训练负荷,可使科研人员和教练员直观观察运动员训练和比赛过程中的训练负荷。但是最初的计算公式过于简单,并不能反映出运动员实际承受的训练负荷,且该公式也没有考虑到不同性别、不同级别运动员在承受相同负荷时的反应差异性。

  • 2 各TRIMP计算方法的原理及应用

  • 经Banister(bTRIMP)、Edwards(eTRIMP)、Lucia、Stagno(sTRIMP)、Manz(iTRIMP)、Amador García-Ramos(TRIMPc)等人的完善和改进,TRIMP的计算公式已由最初的基本公式“运动时间×运动强度”转变为心率、运动时间、生理指标及权重指数的乘积,并已广泛应用于各个项目的训练实践中[4]。考虑到TRIMP计算方法的多样性及竞技体育的特点,本研究通过归纳各种基于心率的TRIMP计算方法,对其量化训练负荷的原理、计算公式,以及在竞技体育中的应用进行概述。

  • 2.1 bTRIMP计算方法

  • 由于最初的TRIMP计算公式仅通过心率和时间这两个因素对训练负荷进行简单量化,没有将性别等差异因素考虑在内,其量化结果的准确性长期存在较大争议。为弥补这一缺陷,Banister等人于1991年对最初的TRIMP计算方法进行改良:首先建立了性别差异化评估体系,引入心率储备法替代平均心率作为训练强度量化指标;其次基于递增负荷训练实验中发现的心率储备与血乳酸浓度变化间的显著相关性,构建了加权计算模型,为大幅提升评估训练负荷的准确性奠定了基础[5]。具体公式如下:

  • : T训练 ×HRex-HRrest /HRmax-HRrest ×0.64e1.92HRex -HRrest /HRmax-HRrest

  • : T训练 ×HRex-HRrest /HRmax-HRrest ×0.86e1.67HRex -HRrest /HRmax-HRrest

  • 其中,T训练:训练时间;HRex:训练过程中的平均心率;HRrest:安静时的心率;HRmax:最大心率;e:自然对数2.712。

  • 实践中,bTRIMP已被证明对耐力性项目有效训练负荷的监测是有效的[6-9],现在相关研究者在致力于证明bTRIMP是否也能有效量化对抗类项目的训练负荷。国外学者发现,在搏击项目的不同训练课程和竞技比赛中s-RPE(session-rating of perceived exertion)与bTRIMP之间存在明显的相关性(r=0.63~0.84)。TRIMP能够精确显示运动员的实际训练负荷,为对抗类项目使用bTRIMP量化训练负荷提供有效证据[10-12]。根据所监测的TRIMP指标有针对性地制定训练计划还能有效预防运动损伤和过度训练。而在对空手道技术训练课和套路表演的训练负荷监测中,bTRIMP和平均心率几乎完全相关(r=0.99),表明使用bTRIMP能更好地捕捉运动员在不同技术训练课中训练负荷的微小差异;而在时间较短、新陈代谢较快的空手道套路表演中,bTRIMP的监测结果显著低于eTRIMP和s-RPE的监测结果[13]。这或许表明该公式对短时间训练负荷的监测存在局限:可能无法有效反映间歇运动期间的负荷变化。

  • 2.2 eTRIMP计算方法

  • 为使TRIMP计算方法更简便且更好适应间歇训练的需要,Edwards[14]在前人的基础上首创五级心率分区体系,区间划分以10%HRmax为跨度,即区间1=(50%~60%)HRmax,区间2=(60%~70%)HRmax,区间3=(70%~80%)HRmax,区间4=(80%~90%)HRmax,区间5=(90%~100%)HRmax。各区间分别对应1~5级权重系数。以运动过程心率所处心率区间分别乘以不同的权重因子和运动时间,最后将各个区间的TRIMP值相加来测定训练负荷。即:(区间1×运动持续时间×1)+(区间2×运动持续时间×2)+(区间3×运动持续时间×3)+(区间4×运动持续时间×4)+(区间×运动持续时间×5)。该方法将实时心率替代平均心率量化训练强度,并排除了低于50%HRmax的低强度活动数据,从而聚焦于有效训练负荷的量化分析,增强了间歇训练场景的适用性。该方法已成功运用于自行车项目。

  • 我国学者王聪等人[15]采用eTRIMP计算方法对羽毛球运动员周训练和比赛中的训练负荷进行分析,发现该算法能直观呈现羽毛球运动员所承受的负荷刺激,但在监测持续时间较长、强度较低的羽毛球专项技术和步伐训练过程中,训练负荷的监测效果不理想。秦学林[16]使用eTRIMP计算方法和传统的生化指标血清肌酸激酶(CK)、血尿素氮(BUN)等,对江苏省12名优秀击剑运动员(男女各6名)的训练负荷进行监控,将记录到的TRIMP值和生化数据进行对比发现,相较于常用的生化指标,TRIMP值能对运动员的内外训练负荷进行更全面真实的反映。国外学者分别采用eTRIMP计算方法和s-RPE方法对高强度和低强度训练负荷进行监测[17],发现eTRIMP计算方法在时间较长的高强度训练中,会高估训练负荷;而在较短时间的低强度训练中,s-RPE也会高估训练负荷。eTRIMP计算方法虽然操作简便,但也存在不足:其权重系数缺乏生理学基础,各心率区间的划分也没有相关生理和代谢阈值的依据,且此计算方法的信度和效度没有直接证明,大多是来源于理论。

  • 2.3 Lucia TRIMP计算方法

  • Lucia TRIMP计算方法也称三区间训练冲量计算方法。通过分析递增负荷的氧气和二氧化碳的吸入量和呼出量,并测量出通气阈和呼吸补偿点的值,把心率分为3个区间,通过心率所处区间的权重因子与训练时间的乘积,得出各训练区间的训练冲量,最后将各训练区间训练冲量相加[18]。与eTRIMP计算方法不同的是,Lucia TRIMP计算方法将心率区间划分与个体代谢标志物相关联,使强度划分以代谢反应为生理依据。Lucia通过实验室最大心肺运动测试精确测定的通气阈、呼吸代偿点及对应血乳酸浓度等生理转折点替代经验性心率区间,并赋予三级强度1、2、3的线性权重系数,据此建立三级分区体系:

  • 区间1:不能诱发通气阈的心率、<70%VO2max、血乳酸浓度<2.5 mmol/L,权重系数=1;

  • 区间2:处于诱发通气阈和呼吸补偿点之间的心率、70%~90%VO2max、血乳酸浓度2.5~4.0 mmol/L,权重系数=2;

  • 区间3:高于呼吸补偿点的心率、>90%VO2max、血乳酸浓度>4.0 mmol/L,权重系数=3。

  • 于是:TRIMP=(区间1×T训练)+(区间2×T训练)×(区间3×T训练)。

  • Jonathan[19]在长距离跑步研究中采用Lucia TRIMP的计算方法量化训练负荷,通过将训练时间与强度相结合,Lucia TRIMP计算方法能够更全面地反映训练的生理负荷。研究中计算的训练负荷总TRIMP值为8 750 ± 1 398,表明运动员在整个训练周期内的训练负荷较高。研究者据此提出,通过 TRIMP 方法结合心率强度分区,可以实现训练强度的动态调控,从而优化训练计划,提高运动员的耐力表现。

  • 汤强等人[20]为探究马拉松、中长跑等耐力项目的制胜因素,采用Lucia TRIMP计算方法评定江苏马拉松女队4名队员高原训练期间和赛前训练期间的训练负荷,研究证明,可以通过不同周期的TRIMP值,了解项目训练规律,是检验训练计划和训练效果的有效手段。同eTRIMP计算方法不同的是,Lucia TRIMP计算方法有着在实验室测得的数据的支撑,为依据心率划分负荷区间提供了可靠性,能很好地区分比赛强度和指导日常训练。研究显示,Lucia TRIMP计算方法能很好地监控环法和环西以及山地自行车等耐力项目中运动员的实际负荷,而且TRIMP还能反映出不同赛道对运动员运动能力的不同需求[21-22]。但需要注意的是,该计算方法采用的线性加权模式存在明显不足:虽然能区分不同强度区间,却无法准确量化运动员在超过无氧阈的高强度运动时,机体所经历的实际代谢压力和疲劳累积程度[23]。同时在利用Lucia TRIMP计算方法进行测试时,需要在实验室进行大量的数据测量。

  • 2.4 sTRIMP计算方法

  • sTRIMP计算方法利用跑台测试实测运动员血乳酸浓度与心率的动态关系并考虑现实训练情况,以乳酸阈值(1.5 mmol/L)和乳酸积累点(4 mmol/L)为参数划分五级心率区间(区间1:65%~71% HRmax; 区间2:72%~78%HRmax; 区间3:79%~85%HRmax; 区间4:86%~92%HRmax; 区间5:93%~100%HRmax),最后通过运动员在每个心率区间的训练持续时间乘以相对应的权重因子得出具体的TRIMP值。sTRIMP计算方法大多运用于集体项目,用以区别不同位置、不同场地下运动员的训练负荷。具体公式如下:

  • TRIMP=(T区间1×1.25)+(T区间2×1.71)+(T区间3×2.54)+(T区间4×3.61)+(T区间5×5.16)。

  • Stagno等人[23]首次将实验室血乳酸测试数据融入团队训练负荷量化并以此作为划分区间的依据。首创指数型权重系数(1.25~5.16),依据血乳酸累积的非线性特征设计权重增幅,更贴合运动员在高强度运动时的非线性生理压力变化。权重系数与生理参数的直接关联,将分区依据从经验性HRmax%变为乳酸阈值,使负荷评估更加贴合实际,更适合集体项目训练负荷的监测。

  • 然而,需要注意的是,原始研究中的sTRIMP计算方法是基于男性运动员的数据推导而来的,并未包含女性运动员的测试样本。因此,该公式在应用于女性运动员时可能存在一定的局限性。

  • 有研究者在空手道训练负荷监测中发现sTRIMP计算方法与s-RPE之间存在着较强的相关性(r=0.71)[24]。这一发现与曲棍球中观察到的sTRIMP与s-RPE的关联程度(r=0.71)高度一致[23]。但由于该方法在空手道等项目中应用有限,所以在s-RPE与sTRIMP计算方法的关联机制方面并未展开详细讨论。

  • 宫乐贞等人[25]将sTRIMP计算方法应用于足球训练和比赛的训练负荷监测,认为该算法可以很好地监测不同位置运动员所承受的实际训练负荷差异,并采用心理量表以及后期访谈对TRIMP值进行检验。结果显示,参考TRIMP值以及结合不同位置运动员的训练特点,可以制定更合理的训练计划。但是国外学者研究指出,在间歇性训练时心率和血乳酸之间的权重系数会发生显著变化,从而致使集体项目的TRIMP值被低估[26]

  • 2.5 iTRIMP计算方法

  • Maniz等人[27]为弥补前人TRIMP计算方法中的缺陷,提出了个体化训练冲量概念(iTRIMP)。iTRIMP计算方法基于实验室测定每个个体的血乳酸-心率曲线,依据二者关系生成动态权重系数yi,反映乳酸累积的非线性特征。其摒弃平均心率或固定心率区间的粗放模式,采用每5秒心率的实时数据,通过“强度面积”积分累加计算总负荷。iTRIMP通过个体乳酸曲线和动态积分的双重创新,解决了传统TRIMP计算方法忽略代谢个体差异、低估高强度间歇负荷的缺陷,实现了从“群体经验”向“个体生理实证”的范式转换。具体公式如下:

  • TRIMP=T训练×(ΔHRratio)×yi

  • 其中,ΔHRratio=(HRex-HRrest)/(HRmax-HRrest)。

  • 杨三军[28]采用iTRIMP计算方法分析间歇性练习和持续性练习后受试者身体机能变化是否会对iTRIMP结果产生影响,通过对比不同训练方法的TRIMP值,发现持续性训练时的TRIMP值显著低于大负荷强度下的间歇训练。这表明TRIMP值对较高负荷的训练监控及教练员制定训练计划有着重要意义。同时,要把握好高强度训练的时间,若时间过长,TRIMP值增大,预示着运动员损伤的风险也将增大。Maniz等人[29]为深入了解18名足球运动员的有氧能力,将iTRIMP计算方法应用到意大利足球甲级联赛的训练负荷监控中,结果显示:TRIMP值与运动员的最大摄氧量、通气阈值、血乳酸积累点之间存在着较高的相关性,在制定训练计划时,可以根据TRIMP值对运动员的有氧供能系统进行改善。之后Malone等人[30]在对爱尔兰式曲棍球的训练负荷监控中,选取20名男性运动员为测试对象,对iTRIMP和有氧能力关系进行探究,通过所测量的血乳酸和心率来估计每个运动员的TRIMP值,用以反映不同训练阶段的训练效果。通过记录每个运动员每个阶段的TRIMP值,发现有氧能力提升的运动员,其TRIMP值也会提升,进一步证实了二者存在着高度相关。个体的训练冲量可以很好地量化集体项目在间歇训练过程中的有氧能力和训练负荷,可以有效改善不同阶段的训练负荷安排,而个体训练冲量指标和运动员的有氧能力存在显著相关,且已有学者使用iTRIMP计算方法制定心脏病患者的运动处方。但iTRIMP计算方法目前只针对男性测试者进行研究,对女性测试者的有效性还需进一步证实,同时相关生理参数需要在实验室的跑步机上获取,面对集体项目时,可能会非常耗时。

  • 2.6 TRIMPc计算方法

  • TRIMPc计算方法又被称为训练冲量累计法,是对bTRIMP的进一步修改,因此在有关性别差异上仍然采用相同的自然系数[31]。但与传统算法不同,TRIMPc计算方法从训练的角度出发,将训练课拆分为多个训练期与恢复期,然后对每个运动和恢复间歇的心率强度进行加权,分别计算各阶段的TRIMP值后累加。尤其针对高强度间歇训练(HIIT),解决了原始TRIMP计算方法忽视恢复期代谢压力的缺陷(如未完全恢复即开始下一组训练的实际生理刺激)。TRIMPc计算方法通过分段累加(而非整体平均)更真实地反映了累积负荷。通过区分训练与休息时段,TRIMPc首次实现了间歇期内负荷的独立量化,更符合游泳、自行车等项目中间歇训练的实际需求。具体公式如下。

  • TRIMPc =int=1N ×Tint ×k1×ΔHRratio

  • 其中,N表示训练时间/恢复时间间隔的总数;Tint表示每个时间间隔的持续时间;k1表示性别差异(男:0.64e1.92HRex-HRrest/HRmax-HRrest;女:0.86e1.67HRex-HRrest/HRmax-HRrest ;e=2.712)。

  • 在游泳项目中,暂无有效可靠的方法来评估运动员的训练负荷。大多数训练计划依据测量外部负荷来制定,然而决定训练适应性刺激的却是运动员承受的相对生理压力(内部负荷)。目前,心率信息仍然是最广泛使用的内部负荷评估指标[32]。在游泳训练中,Wallace等人[33]发现s-RPE的监测结果与基于心率的TRIMP值之间存在显著的个体相关性(如bTRIMP[r=0.55~0.92]、eTRIMP[r=0.57~0.91]和Lucia TRIMP[r=0.59~0.94]),但相关性略低于之前对耐力型运动员的监测报告(r=0.75~0.90)[34]。为此,考虑到游泳项目的复杂性,García-Ramos等人[31]建立了TRIMPc计算方法,与经典bTRIMP计算方法相比,TRIMPc计算方法与s-RPE方法之间的相关性更高,证实了该方法的有效性。但是其他研究[34]指出,游泳运动员高海拔训练时TRIMPc计算方法可能并不那么准确或具有可比性,与常氧条件相比,整个高海拔训练期间,在游泳运动员的平均训练心率(约125 bpm)附近的给定训练强度下,运动员心率增加8%,最大心率降低2.1%,TRIMP值将增加23%。至于这种差异是否会转化为训练刺激的真正差异,目前还不得而知。

  • 3 TRIMP计算方法的优势及局限性

  • 3.1 TRIMP计算方法的优势

  • 随着科学技术的发展,我国心率检测仪在精确性和便携性上取得了很大进步,为测量数据提供了保障,也为利用TRIMP实时监测各种运动过程中的训练负荷变化提供了可能。TRIMP作为能精确、全面反映训练负荷的评价指标,被广泛应用于体能主导类的耐力性项目和集体性项目中,有利于深入了解运动员的训练状况以及在不同负荷刺激下各生理机能系统的反应,也可为特定运动员(如伤后复出等)设定一定的TRIMP值范围[35]。TRIMP可单独使用,也可与其他内部负荷(如课次主观疲劳)和外部负荷(如加速度、速度、距离等衍生负荷)测量方法结合使用,以全面描述运动员在训练过程中的实际负荷[36]。利用TRIMP对一段时间内的训练效果进行评估,还可提高运动员对训练计划的参与感。

  • 3.2 TRIMP计算方法的局限性

  • 基于心率的各TRIMP计算方法虽被广泛用于量化内部训练负荷,但其仍存在一些不可忽视的局限性。首先,该方法高度依赖可穿戴设备(如心率监测仪)及相关系统,不仅增加了使用成本,还要求使用者具备专业技术知识[37-38]。且在某些运动项目(如对抗性比赛)中,运动员无法佩戴监测设备,导致关键数据缺失[39]。其次,现有算法大多基于心率区间划分和权重估算,本质上依赖心率与其他生理指标的线性关系,这种模型还存在一些局限性,如iTRIMP计算方法的构建仅基于男性运动员群体的生理数据,缺乏女性运动员群体的验证,限制了该计算方法的普适性;而其他算法虽能区分中高强度训练,却难以精确量化低强度训练负荷。这些局限性表明,当前TRIMP方法在设备依赖性、计算方法普适性和低强度监测精度等方面亟待改进。

  • 4 总结和展望

  • 训练负荷的量化评估是科学化训练的核心环节。各TRIMP算法均采用训练量与训练强度的乘积形式,将内部(生理压力)和外部(物理刺激)负荷转化为可量化的数值。这种量化方式对教练员设计最佳训练负荷、安排恢复计划,以及最终评估训练效果(包括疲劳程度和体能变化)具有重要指导意义。然而,内部训练负荷受多种因素影响,包括训练量、个体特征、环境条件和生活方式等,单纯依靠基于心率指标的各TRIMP计算方法可能无法完整反映运动员在训练刺激下产生的全部生理适应和应激反应。

  • 为更全面评估运动员的训练适应状态,未来训练负荷监测应朝着多维度、多指标的方向发展。通过整合生理、生化和心理等多方面的监测数据,更准确把握运动员在特定外部负荷下的应激反应。这种综合评估方法不仅能弥补单一TRIMP监测的局限性,还能为个性化训练方案的制定提供更全面的参考依据,从而真正实现训练负荷的科学化管理和精准调控。

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