| 摘要: |
| 《民法典》第1176条自甘风险规则主要适用于文体活动，是对体育行业诉求和司法实践活动的立法回应。自甘风险规则的构成要件及排除性条件包括：限定在文体活动范畴，适用于一定风险的文体活动，存在故意或者重大过失的情形，体育场馆经营者、管理者和体育活动组织者的安全保障义务。自甘风险规则不可窄化理解，也不可扩大解释。立法背景下的“文体活动”是指文化和体育活动，“一定风险”是指体育活动中的固有风险；有必要厘清体育意义上的“故意犯规”行为和法律意义上的“故意伤害”行为。自甘风险规则在名义上是一种独立的抗辩事由，属于完全阻却事由，实质上该条款作为独立抗辩事由的法律效力大打折扣。在司法实践中，应当遵循体育运动的基本规律，综合考虑各种衡平因素，视具体问题和情形进行具体分析。自甘风险规则对法庭质证环节的客观性、严谨性、专业性提出了更高的要求，基于体育专业视角的司法实践内容将发挥更为重要的作用。 |
| 关键词: 民法典 自甘风险 体育伤害 固有风险 |
| DOI： |
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| 基金项目:河北省社会科学基金项目（HB20TY012） |
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| The Governance and Constraint of the Application of Assumption of Risk Rule in the Infringement of Sports Activities——Analysis Based on Article 1176 of Civil Code |
| HUANG Lu |
| (Department of Physical Education, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China) |
| Abstract: |
| Article 1176 of Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China is mainly applicable to sports activities, which is a legislative response to the demands of the sports industry and judicial practice.The constitutive requirements and exclusionary conditions of the voluntary risk rule include limitation in the scope of sports and sports activities, application to certain risks of sports and sports activities, intentional or gross negligence, and the security obligations of stadium operators, managers and sports organizers.The assumption of risk rule can not be understood in a narrow sense, nor can it be interpreted extensively.Under the background of legislation, “cultural and sports activities” refers to activities of culture and sports, “certain risk” refers to the inherent risk in sports activities; it is necessary to clarify the “intentional foul” behavior in sports and the “intentional injury” behavior in law.The assumption of risk rule is a kind of independent defense in name, which belongs to complete defense. In essence, the legal effect of the clause as an independent defense is greatly reduced.In judicial practice, we should follow basic laws of sports, comprehensively consider all kinds of equity factors, and make specific analysis according to specific problems and situations.The assumption of risk rule puts forward higher requirements for the objectivity, preciseness and professionalism of court cross examination, and the judicial practice content based on the perspective of sports specialty will play a more important role. |
| Key words: Civil Code assumption of risk sports injuries inherent risk |
